Legal judgements of extreme importance

By DR ABDELGADIR WARSAMA TOBIAS ADRIAN

English Common Law, is called “Judge made law” due to the important role taken by judges to reach and maintain justice and equity.

In this context, there are many famous precedents paving the way for famous legal rules. One of the most important cases in the history of English Common Law is the case of Taylor v Caldwell (1863) which is regarded as a landmark English contract law case, with a ruling delivered by Justice Blackburn which established the doctrine of common law impossibility i.e. frustration.

This issue was hot due to rise of COVID -19 pandemic. Citing the facts, Caldwell & Bishop owned Surrey Gardens & Music Hall, and agreed to rent it out to Taylor & Lewis for £100 a day. Taylor had planned to use the music hall for four concerts and day and evening fetes.

They were going to provide variety of extravagant entertainments including singing performance, fireworks and full illuminations, ballet, wizard and Grecian statues, tight rope performances, rifle galleries, air gun shooting, Chinese and Parisian games, boats on the lake, and aquatic sports.

According to the contract the parties had signed, the defendants were to provide most of the performers. Taylor & Lewis agreed to pay one hundred pounds sterling in the evening of the day of each concert, and also to find and provide, at their own cost, all the necessary artistes for the concerts.

A week before the first concert was to be given, the music hall burned to the ground. The plaintiffs sued the music hall owners for breach of contract for failing to rent out the music hall to them. There was no clause within the contract itself which allocated the risk to the underlying facilities, except for the phrase “God’s will permitting” at the end of the contract.

Justice Blackburn began his judgment by finding that the agreement between the parties was a contract, despite their use of the term “lease”. Under the common law of property in England at the time, under a lease the lessee would obtain legal possession of the premises during the lease period, while the “lease” at issue in this case specified that legal possession would remain with the defendants.

Justice Blackburn, reasoned that the rule of absolute liability only applied to positive, definite contracts, not to those in which there was an express or implied condition underlying the contract. He further reasoned that the continued existence of the Music Hall in Surrey Gardens was an implied condition essential for the fulfillment of the contract.

The destruction of the music hall was the fault of neither party and rendered the performance of the contract by either party impossible. He cited the civil code of France and the Roman law for the proposition that when the existence of a particular thing is essential to a contract, and the thing is destroyed by no fault of the party selling it, the parties are freed from obligation to deliver the thing.

He further analogized to a situation in which a contract requiring personal performance is made, and the party to perform dies, when under English common law the party’s executors are not held liable. Justice Blackburn thus held that both parties were excused from their obligations under their contract.

The importance of this case comes from the fact that, until this case, parties to a contract were held to be absolutely bound and a failure to perform was not excused by radically changed circumstances. Instead, the contract was breached, and that gave rise to a claim for damages. This ruling opened the door for the modern doctrine of contract avoidance by frustration. We believe, the ruling makes historical change in the contract law which continues and adds value to our present legal heritage.