Indonesians quitting ‘rice addiction’ over diabetes fears

Indonesian Mirnawati once ate rice with every meal, but its link to diabetes convinced her to join a growing movement to quit a staple food in the third biggest rice-consuming nation on Earth. As World Diabetes Day was held Thursday, the Southeast Asian nation is struggling to tackle a disease that affects as many as 20 million of its 260 million people, and has emerged as one of its deadliest killers behind stroke and heart disease.

But kicking the rice habit isn’t easy, with Indonesia’s favourite dish nasi goreng (mixed fried rice) sold everywhere, and the grain woven into the culinary fabric of a nation whose late dictator transformed it into a musthave meal. “In my first week without rice I felt like I was being possessed by ghosts,” said Mirnawati, a 34-year-old former construction company employee who goes by one name. “But now I’ll never go back to it,” she added, about four months into her new diet. Complications from diabetes, which affects some 425 million globally, can lead to heart attacks, stroke, blindness and even limb amputation.

Most of the world’s sufferers live in low and middle-income countries like Indonesia. Rice is packed with fibre and key vitamins. But an unbalanced diet that relies too heavily on refined white rice has been linked to an increasing global prevalence of diabetes and insulin resistance as it raises blood sugar levels, according to experts. That is what led Mirnawati -- along with her mother and cousin -- to drop rice in favour of more vegetables, meat and nuts.

It is a step that an increasing number of Indonesians are taking in an informal ‘no rice’ movement, although there are no official numbers. The push, partly driven by social media, has been backed by local governments including cultural capital Yogyakarta which last year rolled out a campaign to convince residents to go without rice at least one day a week.

Rice politics

Indonesia’s legacy of rice politics makes the task tougher. Rice -- and rice production -- was the cornerstone of dictator Suharto’s ambitious bid for food self-sufficiency. The programme began in the 70s and in a couple of decades had weaned much of the population off corn, sweet potatoes and other staples in favour of rice. Before he was toppled in 1998, the iron-fisted leader spent years telling citizens not only what they could say, but also what they could eat. With local governments pushing the message, Suharto’s administration even sold rice consumption as a ticket to higher social status.

“People were given this illusion that rice was healthier, gave you a higher social status and tasted better than other staple foods,” said Anhar Gonggong, a historian at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences. “There was an authoritarian aspect to this rice myth. Not in the sense that guns were pointed at people to force them to eat rice, but it implanted the myth deeply in the minds of many Indonesians. “Now we know the impact that rice has had on our society.”

The policy turned rice from a food that many in the sprawling archipelago rarely consumed into a staple that Indonesians now gobble down at a rate almost three times the global average of 53 kilogrammes (120 pounds) annually. But the strategy launched by Suharto -- who died in 2008 -- ended up working too well, with demand outstripping supply. Indonesia now relies on rice imports to fill the gap.

“The struggle isn’t only in our stomachs, but also in our minds because we have been living this myth that you won’t be full without rice,” said Ilhamsyah, a 47-year-old Jakarta resident. “My family has a history of diabetes so I stopped eating rice and anything with carbohydrates,” he added.

‘Too Indonesian’

Now, Indonesia is now trying to reverse its decades-old policy by convincing citizens to reduce their consumption of rice, but officials acknowledged bringing it down to average global levels could take decades. “We’re encouraging people to change the mindset that rice is the only source of carbohydrates because we have many staple foods available,” said Agung Hendriadi, head of the agriculture ministry’s Food Resilience Agency.

Selling millions of Indonesians on a low- or no-rice diet will be a Herculean task, despite the possible health benefits. “I tried the no-rice lifestyle several times, but I failed,” said Bali resident Mentari Rahman. “My tongue is too Indonesian -- I just couldn’t stay away from it.”